Alkan's Douze études dans tous les tons mineurs (Twelve Studies in all the minor keys), Op. 39 for solo piano were published in 1857. But due to a combination of the difficulties and eccentricities of the works themselves and Alkan's lack of self promotion, only a few of the etudes were heard during his lifetime in the 1870's. None of them were to be heard again until Eron Petri played the Symphony in 1938.
Alkan was a virtuoso pianist that rivaled Liszt in technique, and while not all of his piano works bristle with intense technical difficulties, the minor key etudes are certainly some of the most challenging piano music ever composed.
Etudes number 4 - 7 constitute the symphony for piano solo, and it remains one of the few compositions by any composer designated as a symphony. It is in 4 movements.
I. Allegro - The first movement of the symphony is in C minor and is in sonata form.
The opening theme in the left hand octaves is the basis of most of the other themes in the movement. The first theme shifts into the right hand and after transition material another motif in E-flat major is heard. The exposition is repeated. The development section makes the most of the first theme by shifting key changes. The recapitulation brings back the first theme in the key of C minor and leads to a coda where the theme trades off between hands until a two-bar chromatic downward run in the right hand begins in single notes:
The run is repeated, this time with the third of the C minor chord added at the beginning and every 1st note of the 4-note sixteenth note groups in the run as well as a third added to every 5th note of the sixteenthnote group. This gives the effect of the run being in thirds. Also, it adds an accent in such a way as to break up the 12 sixteenth notes of 2 groups of 6 to 3 groups of 4 time in the right hand:
The run is repeated for a third time, this time with the fifth added to complete the C minor chord and ther 5th added to the a-flat major chord, thus giving the effect of the run in triads. It also gives the illusion of being in 3/4 time:
The coda moves towards a C major chord, but the chord changes to C minor to end the movement. Alkan stayed true to the form of the first movement of a symphony, almost classical in proportion, but included passion and changes of mood along the way.
II. Marche Funèbre - Andantino - The first edition of the etudes had the following on the title page: Marcia funebre sulla morte d’un Uomo da bene (Funeral march on the death of a good man). No one knows to whom Alkan was referring to. Some think it might have been his father who had died two years before.
The theme is played legato over a staccato accompaniment. The movement is in F minor following the key scheme of the set of 12 as it is in a perfect 4th from the preceding movement. the middle section is more lyrical for contrast, and the march resumes. Before the end, a drum roll deep in the bass interrupts the march. A short coda reaches a climax before the music dies away and ends in F major.
III. Menuet - Hardly a menuet as known by Haydn and Mozart, this is a hectic scherzo in B-flat minor.
The energy of the scherzo dissolves into a lyrical trio that is in contrast. The scherzo returns and leads up to a short return of the trio until it ends in B-flat major.
IV. Finale - Presto - The most technically challenging movements of the symphony. It is in E-flat minor, but modulates in and out of the home key.
The pace does not let up, even if the minor mood of the music changes to major. Breathlessly, it continues to run (with a few delicious dissonances on the way) until it finally runs itself out and ends with E-flat octaves in each hand.
From the years 1812 to 1822 Gioachino Rossini wrote thirty operas, or the average of three every year for ten years. These works were his most popular, and he wrote nine more up to the year of 1829 when his last famous opera, 'William Tell' was written. It was the last opera Rossini was to write, as he went into a forty year retirement. He wrote some music during these last forty years, including in the last ten years of his life a collection of 150 pieces in various forms that he called Péchés de vieillesse, or Sins Of Old Age. There had been rumors that Rossini had written a bassoon concerto, but it wasn't until the 1990's that a manuscript score was found in a library in Italy of a bassoon concerto which on the front piece states that it was by Rossini.
The story goes that Rossini had written the work for Nazareno Gatti, a bassoon student, for his final examination. Rossini was an advisor at the music school in Bologna where Gatti attended, but scholars aren't sure how much Rossini was involved with writing the concerto. He may have sketched it out for someone else to finish, as he did with many of his compositions during his retirement. Some say Gatti finished it, or Gatti may have wrote the entire work and put Rossini's name to it. In any event, scholars agree it was written in the 1840's and in the style of Rossini. If it truly was written by Rossini, it would represent his final work for orchestra, as the aforementioned Péchés de vieillesse were chamber works or solo piano.
I. Allegro -The work opens in the key of B-flat major with the orchestra stating the themes of the movement as per usual in a concerto, especially this movement that is built more in Classical era form and techniques than Romantic. The bassoon enters and plays the first theme along with punctuations of the low registers of the instrument. The orchestra begins the second theme with light pizzicato violins. The clarinets play along with the soloist and the music goes into the development section. The soloist gets a chance to show off the instrument and after the recapitulation a short coda allows the bassoon to reach the heights and depths of its range as the music comes to a close.
II. Largo -The music shifts from B-flat major to C minor, a key quite distant from B-flat major. In this lyrical movement the bassoon sings as if it is a soloist in a scene from an opera. The tonal range of the movement showcases the bassoons unique timbre changes in its registers. The movement ends with dramatic tremoloes in the strings as the music fades away.
III. Rondo -The plethora of notes for the soloist doesn't let up in the finale, nor their extreme ranges. The music is in the key of F major, something different than many concertos of this time as it isn't in the same key of the first movement. The title page of the manuscript states that it is a Concerto da Esperimento , or an Examination Concerto. The music truly is a test for the soloists technical and musical abilities. The question of its authorship not withstanding, this concerto is a fine representation of what the bassoon can do in the hands of a virtuoso, and is a valuable addition to the repertoire.
Ragtime music still has a following and popularity after over 100 years. It was a bona fide sensation after the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago that celebrated the 400th anniversary of the founding of the New World by Columbus. While Ragtime and its earlier forms had been around for a number of years before then, it was around the fair at many venues (not actually inside the fair) that ragtime was first heard by those who never heard it before. Scott Joplin and other pioneers of the form made the trip to Chicago to perform in taverns, restaurants, and bordellos in the area.
The affinity for ragtime grew until Scott Joplin had his biggest hit of all, his 1897 Maple Leaf Rag. It was Joplin who insisted that despite the roots of ragtime, it had become a classical form and should be treated and played as such. This lead to Joplin admonishing potential players right on the sheet music - "Don't play this piece fast. It is never right to play ragtime fast." This was also part of the rehabilitation of ragtime, as black ragtime piano players would have competitions against one another to see who could come up with the best ideas, and who could play the fastest. Of course tempo is a relative thing, and the tempo of a ragtime piece can be pushed to a certain extent, if the character of the piece calls for it. But the slap-dash, break neck speed that ragtime's been subjected to by some is what Joplin was against.
Clarence Woods was born in 1888, raised in Eastern Kansas, and Carthage, Missouri right in the middleof Ragtime country when he was learning how to play the piano. He left home early on, and began traveling with vaudeville shows and stock companies as an accompanist. He also started working as a silent movie accompanist as well. In 1907 he was performing in the Fort Worth, Texas area and wrote some of his early ragtime pieces there. His first folk rag was Slippery Elm, written in 1912. He continued to write ragtime as well as early blues pieces. He was married and divorced, continued to work as a professional musician. During the Depression, his livelihood was hit hard like many musicians, and when he lived in Tulsa, Oklahoma, he was an organist at a local skating rink.
Opportunities increased after WW II, as he lead an orchestra, became a local radio personality, and began composing more. His last compositions were never published, and much of his compositions and arrangements were for concert band. He also worked for a time as a composer/arranger for Ringling Bros. Barnum And Bailey Circus, as well as performing on the organ and steam calliope. He passed away in 1956 while visiting his son in Davenport, Iowa.
Slippery Elm is an instance where a composer took Joplin's advice about playing fast seriously. Woods tempo indication is 'Very Slow', and when it is heeded, the piece can remind the listener of a Chopin Nocturne. Slow and easy, a little bit of drama with a touch of melancholy. Good ragtime is indeed classical in nature, and shows that it graduated from its roots of bordello and tavern hectic qualities to bitter sweet music. And in many ways, when ragtime is played slowly, it has a whole other set of difficulties in performing it. A steady, clear underlying beat that will naturally accentuate the syncopations, and a rounding off of the edges into a smooth, meditative style of music.
The name Slippery Elm also fits the music quite well. The inner bark (sometimes leaves) of the Slippery Elm was used by Native Americans and in folk medicine for the treatment of skin rashes, upset stomach, colon issues, sore throats, and other uses. The inner bark releases a gelatinous substance that is used for many kinds of inflammation. There is scant evidence as to the efficacy of its use, but some people still use it. It was said to soothe and comfort inflamed tissues, as the music of this rag gives soothing comfort to the ear.
Joseph Haydn's name as a composer was known even before he was semi-retired and living in Vienna.With his six symphonies written for the Concert de la Loge Olympique orchestra of Paris in 1786, and his two sets of six symphonies written for Johann Peter Salomon of London in 1791-1795, his reputation as the most famous composer of western music of the era was secured.
He worked as Kappellmeister for the Esterházy family of Hungary, and all of the music Haydn composed up until 1779 was the property of his employer. But with the renegotiation of his contract in 1779, he was allowed to take outside commissions and sell to publishers.
Symphony No. 88 was the first written after his Paris Symphonies in 1787, and has become one of his favorites, despite not having a nickname or being included in a set. Haydn did allow a violinist that played in the Esterházy orchestra, Johann Tost, to take it along with Symphony No. 89 to Paris to try and sell them, which he did.
The Symphony is in four movements:
1. Adagio-Allegro - The symphony begins with a short introduction, that haltingly leads to the more animated beginning of the movement proper.
The rest of the movement consists of the traditional repeats and alterations of this single theme. Haydn wrote many works in sonata form that deviated from the normal of the time of two or more themes, usually contrasting. But Haydn's creativity does not make this, a mono thematic movement, monotonous by any means. At the beginning of the recapitulation, a flute is added, and Haydn finishes the movement with a short dialogue between woodwinds and strings.
2. Largo - The slow movement manages to bring a feeling of melancholy with an underlying nobility as well. It is a set of variations on the opening theme which played by the oboe and cello an octave apart with a light accompaniment from bassoon, horn, viola, and contrabass. Johannes Brahms after hearing this movement said "I want my 9th Symphony to sound like this." , which says a lot about the depth of feeling Haydn reached in this short set of variations. The flow of the music is interrupted by the trumpet and timpani. It is only the second instance of Haydn using trumpet and timpani in a slow movement up to that time.
3. Menuetto - Allegro - The Menuetto reflects the changing character of the symphonic minuet that would lead to it being replaced by the Scherzo, if not in name, but by character. The minuet has a heavy downbeat, more like a peasant stomp than a graceful minuet. The trio of the Minuetto has a melody in oboes and violins with a drone accompaniment in cellos and bassoons.
4. Finale: Allegro con spirito This finale is a com- bination of rondo and sonata form, a hybrid that was perhaps used by Mozart. While the origins, as in who first used it, my be sketchy, there's no doubt that it was a product of the Classic era of music, when composers such as Haydn, Beeth-oven, and Mozart were experimenting in different forms. Rondo-sonata form went on to be used in not only the Classical era but in the Romantic era as well by Schubert, Mendelssohn, and Brahms. The movement has been described as a perpetual motion piece, and it does zip along at a fast pace. The bassoons and horns have a particularly delightful section of accompaniment that has them chugging away at staccato thirds in the tonic and dominant.
The beginnings of Haydn's motet Insanae et vanae curae (Insane and stupid worries flood our mind) began in 1775 with the composition of his first oratorio Il ritorno di Tobia (The Return of Tobias). The work written to an Italian liberetto was first performed in 1775 in Vienna and was a resounding success. But by 1781 the public's musical taste had changed so much that another planned performance in Vienna in 1781 failed to materialize due to lack of interest. Haydn revised the work and in 1784 a performance of the revision was performed in a benefit concert in Vienna. The oratorio had one more performance in 1808, after which Haydn took one of the choral numbers from the oratorio and rewrote it to a Latin text.
While Il ritorno di Tobia was popular in its day, it could not compete with Haydn's two masterpieces in the form The Creation and The Seasons. Perhaps that is why Haydn extracted this fine choral piece from it and revised it as a stand-alone work. The piece is in two contrasting sections. The first section is one of fear and dread, the second section is a more lyrical one. Each section is repeated. The original was written for choir and orchestra, but there is a version for choir and organ that was not written by Haydn that is sometimes performed.
Insane and stupid worries flood our minds, often mad fury fills the heart, robbed of hope, O mortal man, what good does it to strive for worldly things, if you neglect the heavens? All things work in your favor, with God on your side.
Charles Ives was born in 1874 in Danbury, Connecticut. His father George Ives was a U.S. Army bandleader in the Civil War and also led the Municipal Band in Danbury. Ives' father was an unorthodox music teacher to his son as he encouraged him to explore nontraditional harmony and structure. Ives told a story that when he was five years old his father saw him pounding out the drum parts to George's band music on the piano with both fists. Instead of telling his son that was the wrong way to play the piano, George told him there's nothing wrong with playing the piano that way as long as you know what you're doing and sent him to a drum teacher. Ives' father also would have two marching bands, one at each end of the town square and each playing different music in different keys, march toward each other. Charles Ives credited his father with being the most influential musical figure in his life.
Charles Ives took to the organ and became so proficient on the instrument that he was a professional church organist when he was fourteen, the youngest one in the entire state at the time. Ives attended Yale University and upon his graduation he was hired as an insurance actuary by a firm in New York. He made the insurance business his life's work. He excelled in the insurance business and composed in his spare time. Most of his music was neglected in his lifetime, especially in the years he was active as a composer. Ives ceased composing any new works after 1927, although he did revise some that were already written. His music began to get some performances in the 1940's and after a performance of Symphony No. 3, The Camp Meeting, Ives was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in music. He was also very active in financially supporting other 20th century composers and their music.
Ives' music won the support of a young Leonard Bernstein who conducted Ives' Second Symphony on a live radio broadcast in 1951. Arnold Schoenberg, the great composer and teacher knew of Ives and after Schoenberg died in 1951 (three years before Ives), Schoenberg's widow found a note written by her husband in his desk that had been written in 1944:
There is a great Man living in this Country – a composer. He has solved the problem how to preserve one's self-esteem and to learn. He responds to negligence by contempt. He is not forced to accept praise or blame. His name is Ives.
One of his earliest pieces was Variations On 'America', written for organ in 1891 when Ives was 17 years old. It was written for a Fourth Of July celebration and the music shows how much his father had influenced the young man. The tune is also known as 'God Save The King' in Great Britain.
Introduction and theme- The work begins with an introduction to the tune that fragmentarily suggests parts of the tune itself. The tune is finally heard in a straight forward arrangement for the organ.
1st Variation - The tune is repeated over a running sixteenth note accompaniment in the first section, and an even more florid accompaniment of 32nd notes in the second section.
2nd. Variation -The pace changes slightly, along with the rhythm of the tune. At the end of the first section there is a descending figure of chromatic chords that gives the impression of a chuckle. The second section has subtle harmonic changes.
Interlude -A fragmentary rendition of the tune that Ives evidently didn't find worthy enough to call a variation, this interlude has one hand playing in the key of F major (the home key of the piece thus far) while the other hand and pedals play in D-flat major, an early example of bitonality. 3rd Variation -Ives gives a sprightly rendition of the tune, like music perhaps heard on a merry-go-round, all in the key of D-flat major.
4th Variation - Ives shifts gears and throws this variation in the key of F minor. He labels this variation a Polonaise, but it sounds like spirited Spanish dance to me. Interlude -This time Ives has one hand play in A-flat major while the other hand and pedals play in F major. 5th Variation - Marked Allegro - as fast as the pedals can go, the pedals have the main variant. The tune continues in elaborate dress that shows how good Ives' organ technique must have been. The variation leads to a coda that has fragments of the theme tossed off in full volume, along with pauses for good measure. The music gets more hectic until a full throated repeat of the tune ends the work.
Just days before the outbreak of World War Two in 1939, Nazi Germany and the USSR signed a non-aggression pact that declared the two nations would take no military action against each other for 10 years. The date was August 23rd, Germany invaded Poland September 1st, thus starting World War Two.
The agreement was on shaky ground from the beginning. Germany wanted to try and keep Russia out of the war, and due to the Great Purge that began in 1934 (where over one million Russian leaders, citizens and military personnel were executed) Russia was weak militarily, so Stalin signed the pact to try and gain time to rearm. Anyone that didn't have their head in the sand knew that Germany would invade Russia, sooner or later.
In 1938 while both nations postured and blustered, the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev joined filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein in the making of the film Alexander Nevsky. Nevsky was an actual 13th century Prince of Novgorod who led an army that defeated the invading Teutonic (German) Knights in the Battle of Lake Peipus in 1242. The movie was more than a historic epic. It became a patriotic propaganda tool after the Soviet big-wigs saw the finished product. The authorities were thrilled with the movie and the fact that it was brought in five months ahead of schedule.
The filmmaker and composer worked together very well . Both fed off each other ideas and the movie became more than a Soviet propaganda film. After the war the film became a classic. To allow the music to be heard other than in a movie house, Prokofiev arranged much of the music into a a cantata a few months after the premiere of the film for mixed chorus, mezzo-soprano soloist and orchestra. The cantata is in seven movements, original text is in Russian except for the third movement which is in Latin:
Statue of Alexander Nevsky in St. Petersburg
I. Russia under the Mongolian Yoke -A brief and bleak introduction refers to the time in the 13th century when parts of Russia were under the domination of the Mongolian Tartars who ruled over the Russians and forced them to pay tribute. Alexander Nevsky had been given to the Mongol rulers as a hostage. He grew up among their leaders and understood the workings of their culture. He wed the Mongol leader's daughter and was named leader of the Vladimir principality. II. Song about Alexander Nevsky -Nevsky was summoned by the people of Novgorod to become Prince after Swedish invaders had landed on the outskirts of the area. Nevsky commanded a small army that surprised the Swedish invaders and prevented and all-out invasion. Nevsky gained in power and political influence and coupled with his association with the Mongol invaders, conflict with the Boyars of the area caused him to be forced to leave Novgorod. In this song the chorus sings the praises of Nevsky and urges him to return and defeat the Teutonic invaders:
It happened by the river Neva,by the great waters . There we cut down the enemy warriors of the Swedish army . Oh, how we fought, how we cut them down ! How we cut their ships to pieces ! We swung an axe and a street appeared ,we thrust our spears and a lane opened up . We cut down the Swedish invaders like grass on parched soil. We shall never yield our Russian land . Those who attack Russia will meet their death . Arise , Russia, against the enemy, arise to arms, glorious Novgorod !
III. The Crusaders in Pskov - The Crusades by Christians against Islam to regain the Holy Land in the Middle East is well known, but what many don't realize is there was also Christian Crusades held in Eastern Europe against pagans. These Crusades were similar to the ones to regain the Holy Land in that not all the actions taken by the Crusaders were for purely religious reasons. Political gain, personal gain and seizing land played a large part. The Teutonic Knights were formed in the 12th century to aid Christians fighting in the Middle East and to establish hospitals. After Christians were defeated in the Holy Land, the order moved to Eastern Europe to help defend Catholic countries and convert pagan ones. The German Crusaders are depicted in slow, plodding, heavy music punctuated by percussive dissonance. The words sung are Latin, but when translated don't make any sense: As a foreigner, I expect my
feet to be shod in cymbals.
Perhaps Prokofiev chose the words (that were taken from the Latin Vulgate Bible) at random, or for their foreign sound:
Peregrinus expectavi, pedes meos in cymbalis IV. Arise, Ye Russian People -A call to arms against the invaders sung by the choir:
Arise to arms, ye Russian people, in battle just, the fight to death; arise ye, people free and brave defend our fair native land! To living warriors high esteem, immortal fame to warriors slain! For native home, for Russian Soil, arise ye people, Russian folk! In our great Russia, in our native Russia
no foe shall live:
Rise to arms, arise, native mother Russia! No foe shall march across Russian land, no foreign troops shall raid Russia; unseen are the ways to Russia, no foe will ravage Russian fields.
Scene from the film Alexander Nevsky
V. The Battle on the Ice - The two armies meet on the ice of the frozen River Neva. This battle is also referred in history as The Battle On The Ice. Prokofiev creates tension and builds drama with the orchestra that slowly builds in tempo and speed. As the armies clash the Teutonic Knights repeat their hymn with added words:
A foreigner, I expect my feet
to be shod in cymbals. May the arms of the cross-bearers conquer!
Let the enemy perish!
After much creative orchestration and development of themes, the hymn of the Crusaders is finally overtaken by themes that praise Nevsky. Traditional history of the battle relates that the weight of the Teutonic Knight's horses and armor broke the ice and many Crusaders drown in the frigid water while the ones that didn't fall through the ice were slain by Nevsky and his army.
VI. The Field of the Dead - The aftermath of the battle has the mezzo-soprano voice of a woman walking among the dead:
I will go across the snow-clad field, I will fly above the field of death. I will search for valiant warriors, my betrothed, my stalwart youths, Here lies one felled by a wild saber; there lies one impaled by an arrow. From their wounds blood fell like rain
on our native soil, on Russian fields. He who fell for Russia in noble death
shall be blessed by my kiss on his eyes
and to brave lad who remained alive, I
will be a true wife and loving friend. I’ll not be wed to a handsome man; earthly charm and beauty fade fast and die. I’ll be wed to the man who’s brave. Give heed to this, brave warriors!
VII. Alexander’s Entry Into Pskov - The hero Nevsky is welcomed with a procession by the jubilant people:
In a great campaign Russia went to war. Russia put down the hostile troops. In our native land no foe shall live. Foes who come shall be put to death! Celebrate and sing, native Mother Russia. In our native land foes shall never live, Foes shall never see Russian towns and fields. They who march on Russia shall be put to death. Foes shall never see Russian towns and fields. In our Russia great, in our native Russia no foe shall live. Celebrate and sing, native Mother Russia. To a fete in triumph all of Russian came. Celebrate, rejoice, celebrate and sing, our Motherland!
Of course the non-aggression pact between the two totalitarian dictators ended up being not worth the paper it was written on as Nazi Germany launched the largest invasion force in history against Russia on June 22, 1941. Russia's participation in the war resulted in between 20 and 40 million Russian deaths from all causes, and Germany suffered the same fate of other forces in history that tried to invade the country; collapse under the sheer size of Russia, its rugged weather and huge population, not to mention the ruthlessness of their leader Stalin.
Prokofiev had returned to the USSR after living abroad from 1918 to 1936, and his Alexander Nevsky film music and cantata brought him into good graces with Stalin until 1948 when Prokofiev, along with composers Shostakovich, Myaskovsky, and Khachaturian were denounced for formalism, a crime that was described as renunciation of the basic principles of classical music [in favour of] muddled, nerve-racking [sounds that turned] music into cacophony.
Prokofiev suffered from extreme hypertension and as a result had a fall from which he never really recovered. In poor health and deeply in debt because his works had been banned, he desperately tried to get back into good graces with the authorities, but he remained in official artistic limbo the rest of his life. After Stalin's death on March 5, 1953 things began to change in the USSR and composers were slowly 'rehabilitated' and bans on their music began to be lifted. Ironically, Prokofiev didn't benefit from Stalin's death as he died the same day.
